Module 30

Updated: 04/27/2009

Module 30

Lighting

Instruments

"Quartz" Lamps

Almost all incandescent lamps used in TV production are tungsten-halogen lamps (commonly called quartz lamps). They normally range from 500 to 2,000 watts.

This type of lamp is more efficient than the common light bulb-type incandescent lamp, and it does not darken with age.

Quartz lamps get extremely hot, which makes ventilation important. Because of the great heat associated with tungsten-halogen lighting instruments, burnt fingers are a hazard.

Special care must be taken when these lamps are changed (in addition to unplugging the lights and letting them cool down) to make sure that oil from fingers is not deposited on the outer glass (quartz) envelope of the lamp. Because of the great heat associated with these lamps, any residue of this sort will create an area of concentrated heat that will cause the lamp to fail -- and they can be rather expensive to replace.

Care must also be taken not to subject the lamp to jolts while they are turned on, or the fragile internal element can break.

Tungsten-halogen lamps are used in several common types of lighting instruments including the type that has been used for decades, the Fresnel (pronounced fra-nell).

Fresnels

Although Fresnels used to be so bulky and heavy that they were confined to studios, recent versions are small enough to be packed away in lighting kits and used on location.

The Fresnel lens, invented by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, consists of concentric circles that both concentrate and slightly diffuse the light. Note the photo on the left below. The coherence (quality) of the resulting light represents an ideal blend between hard and soft. In the studio these lights are typically hung from a grid in the ceiling.

Fresnel lens

C-clamp

A C-clamp or pipe clamp (on the right, above) is used to attach the light to the studio's ceiling grid.

Because of the safety hazard a falling Fresnel light some 5 meters (17 feet) feet overhead represents, a safety chain or cable should always be used along with the C-clamp. These wrap around the grid pipe and will keep a heavy light from falling if the C-clamp fails.

The distance between the internal lamp and the Fresnel lens can be adjusted with this type of light to either spread out (flood), or concentrate (spot or pin) the light's beam. This adjustment provides a convenient control over the intensity of the light, as well as the coverage area.

Ceramic Lights

Ceramic lamps, which were introduced by the Arri company in 2006, address several of the shortcomings of quartz (tungsten-halogen) lamps. Ceramic Light

First, they are much more efficient. A 250-watt ceramic spot provides as much light as a conventional 1,000-watt tungsten-halogen light. This means that for the same amount of light they take one-quarter the power.

Next, they operate at a much cooler temperature. If you touch a quartz lighting fixture while it's on, you would probably get a rather painful burn. Ceramic lights get warm, but not excessively hot.

Third, ceramic lamps last about eight times as long as a quartz, or tungsten halogen lamp.

And, finally, since they can operate on standard (low-wattage) 120-volt outlets, no special wiring, high-wattage dimmer equipment, or specially-trained studio safety people are required.

These lamps use a ceramic material to coat the inside of the lamp (hence the name). An arc with a continuous spark travels from one part of the lamp to the other and provides a relatively cool but intense 3,200K illumination.

What's the catch?

Ceramic lamps cost about eight times more than quartz lamps. However, because of their cost-saving advantages, they pay for themselves in the long run.

LED Lights

In recent years LED (Light-emitting diode) lamps have started being used in TV studios. A basic studio light, replacing the Fresnel is shown here.

LED studio light LED lights have at least nine important advantages over other types of lighting elements.

1. They produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs, not only reducing power costs, but making them useful on locations and in battery powered devices, such as camcorder lights
2. They can be designed to emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters.
3. Unlike incandescent and fluorescent sources that often require an external reflector to collect and direct light, they can be designed to some degree to focus and direct light.
4. When dimming is required, LEDs do not change color as voltage is reduced.
5. Being solid state, they are difficult to damage. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken, ▲ especially if dropped.
6. They have a long life -- 35,000 to 100,000 hours. This is longer than fluorescent tubes and far longer incandescent bulbs.
7. Unlike some types of lights, they light up and stabilize almost instantly.
8. They do not generate the amount of heat that many other lighting instruments do, reducing studio cooling costs.
9. On some types the color temperature can be readily shifted to accommodate indoor and outdoor color temperature needs.
10. Some LED lighting instruments contain a dual set of LEDs that can form a flood or a somewhat focused pattern of light.

Although these are important advantages, especially in this era's need to to reduce energy consumption, LED lamps have some disadvantages -- all of which can be controlled or accommodated.

1. They are currently more expensive than more conventional lighting technologies. However, the initial cost can be made up over time in reduced energy and lamp replacement costs.
2. Performance and life depends on the temperature of the operating environment. High surrounding temperatures or heat build-up (if this is allowed) will reduce both.
3. They require stable voltages and electrical current, which can involve regulated power supplies.
4. The color spectrum of some LEDs have energy spikes that can cause color distortion. However, this problem is not as great as with common fluorescent lamps.

Scoops

scoop light Scoops produce a softer light than Fresnels. The incandescent (tungsten-halogen) lamps they normally use range from 500 to 2,000 watts.

Because there is no lens, the light is not projected any significant distance. As we will see, scoops are commonly used in the studio for fill light along with ▲ LED soft lights.

Note that this scoop shown here has a square filter frame attached to the front. Colored gels, diffusers, and scrims can be slid into this frame to change the light in various ways.

Ellipsoidal Spots

The ellipsoidal spot produces a hard, focused beam of light. Used with gels, these lights can project colored pools of light on a background.

Some ellipsoidal have slots at their optical midpoint that accept a "cookie" (cucalorus), a small metal pattern (shown in red in the middle of the drawing below) that can be used to project a wide variety of patterns on a background.

interior of ellipsoidal spot

ellipsoidal spot being adjusted

cookies for ellipsoidal spot

In some cases, a background pattern (see samples on the left) may be all you need in a medium shot or close-up to suggest a complete setting. For example, a colored stained glass pattern behind a person suggests that person is in a church.

Abstract patterns, or patterns suggesting the theme of a program, can also be used to break up what might otherwise be a blank background.

These can either be in the form of a cookie inside the light as indicated in the drawing above, or a large pattern mounted on a stand. When a coherent light source such as an ellipsoidal spot is directed at the pattern, a shadow of the pattern is projected on the background.

These large patterns are referred to as gobos, a term which stands for "go between."

Backgrounds, sets, and settings are discussed in this section.

Although Fresnels, scoops, and ellipsoidal spots are the most used types of studio lights, there are also several other types of lighting instruments inclulding HMI lights. These are covered here.

Camera Lights

In ENG (electronic newsgathering) where quality is often secondary to getting a story, camera-mounted, tungsten-halogen or HMI lights (often called sun-guns) are sometimes used as a sole source of illumination.

These lights can be mounted on the top of the camera as shown here or held camera light by an assistant.

The one shown here has a tungsten-halogen (quartz) lamp. These are being replaced by LED units, which consume much less power. As we noted earlier, they also operate at a much lower temperature than quartz lamps.

Camera lights are typically powered by batteries -- often, the same batteries that power the camcorder.

When used as the only source of light they provide the same (questionable) quality as the familiar single-flash-on-the-camera does in still photography. As a result of the straight-on angle involved, picture detail and depth are sacrificed.

Plus, because of the relationship between distance and light intensity, the detail and color of foreground objects often becomes washed out, and objects in the distance typically go completely dark. (Recall the problem with tonal mergers.)

For these reasons, a camera light works best if important subject matter is all at about the same distance from the camera.

The quartz unites are often used outside in combination with a color-correcting blue dichroic filter to reduce harsh shadows created by direct sunlight. Most of the newer LED types don't need a correction filter, since their inherent color temperature can be either the color of daylight or incandescent light.

Attachments to Lighting Instruments

Barn doors

From lighting instruments themselves we now turn to Barn Doors attachments that are used with these lights.

Adjustable black metal flaps called barn doors can be attached to some lights to mask off unwanted light and to keep it from spilling into areas where it's not needed.

While barn doors provide a soft cutoff (edge) to the perimeters of the light, flags provide a sharper, more defined cutoff point.

Flags

Flags consist of any type of opaque material that can block and sharply define the edges of the light source. They are often created and shaped, as needed, from double or triple layers of aluminum foil.

Flags are generally either clipped to stands or attached to the outer edges of barn doors. The further away they are from the light source, the more sharply defined the light cutoff will be.

Filter Frames

Filter frames are typically a part of the barn door attachment that slides over the front of lighting instruments. They can hold:

one or more scrims to reduce light intensity
one or more diffusers to soften the light, or
a colored gel to alter the color of the light

Each of these simply slides into the filter frame, which attaches to the front of the lighting instrument.

Now that we know the basics of lamps and lighting instruments, we're ready to put them into use. In the next Module we'll start with the most important light, the key light.

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